Oпределение мультикультурaлизмa
Aug. 6th, 2014 05:07 pm![[personal profile]](https://www.dreamwidth.org/img/silk/identity/user.png){kind=small}
whocares1970Из стaтейки в aкaдемическoм журнaле (International Studies Quarterly). Нa тему этoй стaтьи я плaнирую oтдельный пoст, a пoкa вoт чтo:
<< Multiculturalism refers to an evolving, loosely connected set of beliefs, not to a well-organized movement. The early roots of contemporary "multiculturalism" in the United States were the "black power" movement of the late 1960s and its separatist offshoots. At that time also, Hispanic activists articulated the concept of language rights as a constitutional entitlement. Many advocated bilingual education as a vehicle for resisting cultural assimilation. Viewed as a distinct nationalist ideology, multiculturalism is based on the conviction that the image of America as a land of equal opportunity is not just exaggerated , but fraudulent. Advocates of multicultural nationalism explicitly reject the assimilationist ethos of the melting pot as oppressive and substitute the image of a "mosaic" as the ideal. A mosaic typically consists of differently colored tiles divided from each other by impenetrable grout; multiculturalism thus evokes a process of continuing separation rather than blending or cleansing as a metaphor for the relations among diverse ethnic groups. At the core of multiculturalism, then, is an insistence on the primacy of ethnicity over the individual's shared and equal status as a citizen in shaping his or her identity and, derivatively, his or her interests. In sharp antithesis to liberal doctrine, multiculturalism construes racial group identity as the preferred choice of self-definition and validates the ongoing affirmation of ethnic distinctiveness. For multiculturalism, the ethnic group is the haven of individual personality, the very foundation of self-esteem. Living amongst "one's own" and conforming to their customs and values furnish a sense of comfort and security. By contrast, leaving the ethnic enclave, even to move up in personal status, consigns one to a permanent, restless anxiety.
While giving priority to sub-national ethnic loyalties, multiculturalism retains an egalitarian perspective, regarding all the distinct cultures within the country as equal, morally and intellectually. For adherents of multiculturalism, no race, culture, or language in a state should have a unique, superior status. Moreover, the government must strive to achieve equality in cultural recognition for all groups and to extend this condition to the political and economic realms. Multicultural education thus reverses the program of Americanization; it seeks to preserve, or even to enhance existing cultural differences, by emphasizing the study of non-European groups. An important purpose of multiculturalism is to justify the claims of subordinate ethnic groups to a larger share of society's goods, both tangible and intangible. From this ideological perspective, ethnicity should determine the allocation of all important benefits, such as jobs, government contracts, places
in universities, legislative seats, control of the curriculum in schools and colleges, time on public television, and so forth. In addition, multiculturalism holds that public policies must be evaluated in terms of their perceived potential for strengthening or weakening an ethnic group's unity and prestige.
In short, the guiding principle of policy-making becomes communal representation. Multicultural nationalism differs fundamentally from both its rival nationalist ideologies in conceiving of the United States as a confederation of groups rather
than a community of autonomous individuals. By stressing the normative priority of ethnic group identity, it implies that no national creed does, can, or should exist and provides no ideological cement to combine diverse groups into a single
"imagined community." Given that territorial secession is not a practical option in the American, as opposed to the Canadian, context, the ascendancy of multicultural nationalism would probably mean the advent of "consociational" modes of governance. IS Referring back to our concepts of national integration and disintegration, multic ulturalism clearly has the potential to push the United States further toward the "disintegrated" side of the continuum, especially with regard to education, religion, cultural assimilation, and language. >>
<< Multiculturalism refers to an evolving, loosely connected set of beliefs, not to a well-organized movement. The early roots of contemporary "multiculturalism" in the United States were the "black power" movement of the late 1960s and its separatist offshoots. At that time also, Hispanic activists articulated the concept of language rights as a constitutional entitlement. Many advocated bilingual education as a vehicle for resisting cultural assimilation. Viewed as a distinct nationalist ideology, multiculturalism is based on the conviction that the image of America as a land of equal opportunity is not just exaggerated , but fraudulent. Advocates of multicultural nationalism explicitly reject the assimilationist ethos of the melting pot as oppressive and substitute the image of a "mosaic" as the ideal. A mosaic typically consists of differently colored tiles divided from each other by impenetrable grout; multiculturalism thus evokes a process of continuing separation rather than blending or cleansing as a metaphor for the relations among diverse ethnic groups. At the core of multiculturalism, then, is an insistence on the primacy of ethnicity over the individual's shared and equal status as a citizen in shaping his or her identity and, derivatively, his or her interests. In sharp antithesis to liberal doctrine, multiculturalism construes racial group identity as the preferred choice of self-definition and validates the ongoing affirmation of ethnic distinctiveness. For multiculturalism, the ethnic group is the haven of individual personality, the very foundation of self-esteem. Living amongst "one's own" and conforming to their customs and values furnish a sense of comfort and security. By contrast, leaving the ethnic enclave, even to move up in personal status, consigns one to a permanent, restless anxiety.
While giving priority to sub-national ethnic loyalties, multiculturalism retains an egalitarian perspective, regarding all the distinct cultures within the country as equal, morally and intellectually. For adherents of multiculturalism, no race, culture, or language in a state should have a unique, superior status. Moreover, the government must strive to achieve equality in cultural recognition for all groups and to extend this condition to the political and economic realms. Multicultural education thus reverses the program of Americanization; it seeks to preserve, or even to enhance existing cultural differences, by emphasizing the study of non-European groups. An important purpose of multiculturalism is to justify the claims of subordinate ethnic groups to a larger share of society's goods, both tangible and intangible. From this ideological perspective, ethnicity should determine the allocation of all important benefits, such as jobs, government contracts, places
in universities, legislative seats, control of the curriculum in schools and colleges, time on public television, and so forth. In addition, multiculturalism holds that public policies must be evaluated in terms of their perceived potential for strengthening or weakening an ethnic group's unity and prestige.
In short, the guiding principle of policy-making becomes communal representation. Multicultural nationalism differs fundamentally from both its rival nationalist ideologies in conceiving of the United States as a confederation of groups rather
than a community of autonomous individuals. By stressing the normative priority of ethnic group identity, it implies that no national creed does, can, or should exist and provides no ideological cement to combine diverse groups into a single
"imagined community." Given that territorial secession is not a practical option in the American, as opposed to the Canadian, context, the ascendancy of multicultural nationalism would probably mean the advent of "consociational" modes of governance. IS Referring back to our concepts of national integration and disintegration, multic ulturalism clearly has the potential to push the United States further toward the "disintegrated" side of the continuum, especially with regard to education, religion, cultural assimilation, and language. >>
